Friday, December 27, 2019
The Advantages Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3353 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The term ratios is use to explain relationship connecting figures on a balance sheet, in profit and loss account, budgetary control system or any other part of accounting organization. Accounting ratios as a result shows the relationship between financial data. The analysis is very important role in measuring the performance of the business. These ratios are carried out from the Income statement and balance sheet. Several parties including management, investors and Government are involved in these ratios. The function of analysis is to measure the performance of the company and financial health of the organization. Advantages Ratio is an important role and old technique of the financial analysis. There are the following advantages Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Advantages Of Ratio Analysis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Simplify the financial statements: It is simplifies the concept of financial statements. Ratio let know the complete story of changing in the financial situation of the business Facilitate inter-firm comparison: It is providing data for inter the firm estimate. Ratios highlight the factors of related with successful and unsuccessful firm. They have also told strong firms and weak firms, overrated and undervalue firms. Helps in planning: It is help in planning and forecasting. Ratio can be support management in it basic function of forecasting for planning, organizing, controlling and communication. Makes inter-firm comparison possible: Analyses can also the possible relationship to the performance varied division of the firm. Ratio is helpful in decide about their efficiency or else in the past and liable performance in the future. Limitations of Ratios Analysis The ratio analysis is the tools of financial management. Ratios are easily to calculate and easy to understand, they bear from serious limitations. Ratio is based only the information which have been recorded in the statements. Financial statements are subject to several limitations. These ratio derived, there from, are also subject to persons limitations. Comparative study required: Ratios are useful in judging the efficiency of the business only when they are compared with past results of the business. However, such a comparison only provide glimpse of the past performance and forecasts for future may not prove correct since several other factors like market conditions, management policies, etc. may affect the future operations. Ratios alone are not adequate. Ratios are only indicators; they cannot be taken as final regarding good or bad financial position of the business. Other things have also to be seen. Problems of price level changes: A change in price level c an affect the validity of ratios are calculated for different time periods. In such a case the ratio analysis may not clearly indicate the trend in solvency and profitability of the company. The financial statements, therefore, be adjusted keeping in view the price level changes if a meaningful comparison is to be made through accounting ratios. Lack of adequate standard: No fixed standard can be laid down for ideal ratios. There are no well accepted standards or rule of thumb for all ratios which can be accepted as norm. It renders interpretation of the ratios difficult. Limited use of single ratios: A single ratio, usually, does not convey much of a sense. To make a better interpretation, a number of ratios have to be calculated which is likely to confuse the analyst than help him in making any good decision. Personal bias: Ratios are only means of financial analysis and not an end in itself. Ratios have to interpret and different people may interpret the same ratio in di fferent way. Incomparable: Not only industries differ in their nature, but also the firms of the similar business widely differ in their size and accounting procedures etc. It makes comparison of ratios difficult and misleading. Current ratio Current Ratio is an indicator of the capability of the firms to pay their current liability by converting current assets. It is also known as liquidity ratio or cash asset ratio and also the cash ratio. It is calculated by dividing current assets with current liabilities. High figures mean that textile mills have the capacity to pay its current liability. Acceptable figures vary, depending upon the type of business. Generally, more than one is acceptable. Smaller value shows that company has not enough current assets to discharge its current liabilities. The current ratio of one means shows that the current assets are equal to current liabilities. Less than one means that company has more current liabilities and less current assets, which is a sign of concern in some cases. We have compiled the current ratio of Nisht textile mills of Pakistan and found the mean of current ratio is more than 1.00 in three years in 2005 to 2007 but in 2008 and 2009 current ratio mea n is less then 1 It is alarming that the Nishat Mill has more risky in 2008 and 2009. However, Kohinoor mill also found the mean of ratio is more then 1 in 2005 to 2008 but in 2009 downward trend 0.75 in 2009. Current ratio of Gull Ahmed shows downward trend 1.05 in 2005 and 0.9 in 2008, in 2009 shows some improvement .05 as compare to 2008.Fazal and shams also decrease trend 1.14, 1.49 in 2005 and 0.82, 0.73 in 2009 . Ratio table depicts that there is no improvement in 2009 and if it continues, there is a probability that in coming years situation of the textile mill will not be improve. However, mells can check their position by comparing with the average of the other textile mill. For example, this table shows that 25% mills have current ratio more than 1.00. It reflects that there are certain mills which have more current assets than current liabilities. Current Ratio= Current assets                            Current liabilities Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 1.24 1.38 1.74 0.73 0.86 Kohinoor Mill 1.02 1.02 1.07 1.06 0.75 Gul Ahmed Mill 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.95 Fazal Mill 1.14 1.17 1.03 1.1 0.82 Shams Mill 1.49 0.92 1.06 0.84 0.73 Return on assets Return on Assets (ROA) is an indicator which tells about the efficiency of firm in using the assets. It is calculated by dividing the annual earning of the company with total assets, shown as percentage. Return on assets = Net earning X 100                      Total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 8.51% 3.05% 4.25% 14.54% 4.02% Kohinoor Mill 1% 2.62% -0.27% -0.02% -3.72% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.73% -0.77% 3.62% 1.96% 1.37% Fazal Mill 0.02% 0.03% -0.01% 0% 0.01% Shams Mill 6.38% 2.47% 10.06% -2.33% -5.09% This ratio is also an indicator of money earned by a textile mills against each dollar invested. There is an understood variation in the number, since it is highly related to capital investment. Textile mills are capital intensive sectors and these figures should be compared with another capital intensive sector. Ratio table shows that mean of the return on asset is Nishat textile mill -8.5 in 2005 and -4.02%, in 2009 which is quite alarming. And the other Kohinoor textile mills is the retorn on asset 1.00 in 2005 and -3.72 decrease in 2009. Gross profit margin Profit maximization is one of the core functions of commercial firms. Gross profit is a difference of net sale and COGS. It shows how well the operation is generating revenue. Gross profit margin =Gross profit X 100                     Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 18.77% 17.76% 16.56% 14.35% 18.23% Kohinoor Mill 14.26% 14.8% 14.64% 15.36% 14.89% Gul Ahmed Mill 16.39% 15.64% 14.98% 15.14% 16.81% Fazal Mill 9.88% 8.66% 5.35% 5.72% 7.82% Shams Mill 13.42% 9.56% 5.09% 5.63% 5.08% Ratio table shows that Nishat textile mills of Pakistan could have only 18.77% and 18.23% gross profit margin in 2005 and 2009 respectively. Although Nishat textile mill earned loss, the percentage was too small, and profits earned were minimal. However, majority of the mills did not report any loss in operations. Ratio table shows that Kohinoor textile mills of Pakistan could have only 14.26% and 14.89% gross profit margin in 2005 and 2009 respectively. Although Kohinoor textile mill earned profit, the percentage was too small they will be earned a profit is mini mum in 2009. The gross profit ratio is show in the gul ahmed textile mills of Pakistan is the rat6io of 16.39% in 2005 and they will be a profit is minimum in 16.81% in 2009 and they earned a profit is to short in the financial year 2009 could have minimum gross profit in 2005 to 2009. Then the other to mills of Fazal and Shams is the ratio of gross profit is in 9.88% , 13.42% in 2005and they will be a loss in 2009. In 2009 is the ratio of mills is7.82% , 5.08% is a loss in an operation and they will be very decrees in 2009 Operating profit margin Operating Profit Margin (OPM) is also called operating margin, operating income margin or return on sales (ROS). It is calculated by dividing operating profit with net sale usually presented in percentage. It shows the efficiency of the firm in generating profits from its operations. Difference between gross profit and operating profit provides information about the over head expenses in total cost. Operating profit margin = Operating profit X 100                             Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 17.58% 12.1% 12.03% 36.08% 12.6% Kohinoor Mill 6.83% 11.63% 8.06% 13.4% 8.55% Gul Ahmed Mill 6.63% 7.27% 7.56% 7.98% 8.69% Fazal Mill 7.28% 6.19% 3.41% 3.94% 5.99% Shams Mill 9.65% 6.47% 1.96% 1.16% 0.2% Operating profit ratio of Nishat millis 17.58% in 2005and decrees 12.03% in 2007 then the Ratio is very higher in 36.08% in 2008 and they will be profit margin but in 2009 the ratio is not stable in 2009 and they will be very low ( decrees) in 12.6% in 2009. It show the table has also be a profit is very low which compeer in 2008/ depicts that 25% firms have -3% loss, however, more than 50% firms have Positive . However the Kohinoor mill is operating profit is 6.83%in 2005 they will be increase in the 11.63% in 2006.then 2007 is the profit is decrees in 8.06% is very low which comer5 to 2006. And 13.4% in increase th e profit ratio in which combination of 2007.kohinoor mill in 2009 is to short a loss in 8.55% , which is campier in 2008 is very high the ratio., ktml mills of Pakistan have earned the profit in 2008 and bear the loss in 2009 financial period. Gull ahmed textile mill Ratio 6.63% in 2005,and they will be increase year by year in minimum and the profit in 8.69% in 2009.the operating profit and net sale is h higher than the 2005 period year. Fazal and Shams textile mills are the 7.28% , 9.65% in 2005 the operating profit is decrees by the 5.99% , 0.2% is very low in the combination of year 2005 Net Profit Margin . Net Profit Margin= Net Profit X 100                   Net sale Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 16.41% 9.8% 7.05% 29.9% 5.31% Kohinoor Mill 1.89% 4.32% -0.56% -0.05% -5.2% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.29% -0.42% 1.67% 0.88% 0.58% Fazal Mill 2.48% 2.39% -0.9% 0.41% 0.89% Shams Mill 7.2% 2.66% 8.64% -1.75% -3.09% In 2005, Nishat textile mills of Pakistan reported 16.41 % and in 2009 operating profit margin became 5.31%.that ratio is to the bear loss in for the period of financial year. Return on equity Equity is the money invested by the shareholders for profit. This ratio indicates the firms ability to earn against the investment. It is also called return on average common equity, return on net worth, and return on ordinary shareholders funds. Return on Equity= Net Income after tax  X 100                       Net equity Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 14.58% 7.92% 5.58% 22.11% 6.55% Kohinoor Mill 2.33% 6.33% -0.66% -0.09% -15.33% Gul Ahmed Mill 3.4% -1.51% 6.62% 3.79% 2.73% Fazal Mill 0.06% 0.07% -0.03% 0.01% 0.03% Shams Mill 19.6% 7.69% 27.86% -6.99% -19.5% Nishat textile mills of Pakistan have only 14.58 % ROE in 2005 than will be decrees in 7.92% , 5.58% in 2006 and 2007 other 22.11% in 2008 the equity ratio is increase in 2008 and 6.55% decrees in 2009. Kohinoor mill is the equity of 2.33% in 2005 and increase in the share holders equity 6.33% in 2006 but next year is share holder equity is less than 1.00 funds of -.66% , -.09% , -15.33% ins decrees in 2007 to 2009. Company founds is very low in last year. Ktm mill is equity 2.33% in 2005 and increase in 6.33% 2006 but the ROE is less 1.00 of share holder equity -0.66% , -0.09% , -15.33% in decrees the share h older equity in 2007 to 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill ROE is 3.4% in 2005 and decrees in share holder equity -1.51% in 2006. And 6.62% increase the equity of 2007 but 3.79% , 2.73% decrees in 2008 to 2009. Fazal mill ROE is .06% , .07% in 2005 to 2006 but decrees in equity -0.03% in 2007. Fazal mill increase in 0.01% , 0.03% 2008 and 2009 the equity ratio is growth the share holder funds. Shams mill is the ROE 19.6% in 2005 but 2006 growth of ROE is decrees 7.69% and the next year in 2007 equity is more high increase in 27.86% for higher than the previous year. 2008 and 2009 ratio of equity is less than 1 percent in -6.99% -19.5% is profit of share holder equity. This tells us that net loss of the firms will lead them to a serious position and this position may not allow them to survive and ultimately there are more chances that many firms will be bankrupt Earning per share Earning per Share (EPS) is an indicator of the firm performance. It depends upon the profitability of the firms. It is calculated after closing the previous years books. It is the portion of the firms profit which is allocated to each outstanding share of investors. In other words, it is a valid and reliable tool to measure the profitability of the companies. It is calculated as: EPS= Net income-dividends on preferred stocks X 100      Average outstanding shares Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 12.86% 10.22% 7.58% 36.86% 6.81% Kohinoor Mill 0.92% 2.82% -0.32% -0.02% -3.02% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.53% -0.68% 3.11% 1.86% 1.45% Fazal Mill 6.61% 7.86% -3.31% 1.62% 4.09% Shams Mill 8.12% 4.76% 21.83% -4.69% -9.65% EPS is considered as the single most significant variable in determining a shares price in stock exchange. This variable also tells price-to-earnings valuation ratio. The table tells about the EPS situation of Nishat textile mill of Pakistan. It is obvious that in 2005, the mean value of EPS is 12.86%, whereas, it has decline to 10.22% in 2006, almost they will be less than the previous year 2006 and 2007 value of EPS is more decrease in 2007 of 7.58% than the other hand 2008 is value of share is increase four times greater than previous years 36.86%. is much higher in 2007the ratio of EPS. And will be profit on the share holder in 2008. EPS 6.81% in 2009 they will be decrease by the previous year. The share holder profit is minim. Kohinoor textile the price in stock exchange 0.92% in 2005 and greater than the 2.82% in 2006. Other wise the company share price is decrease in-0.32 in 2007 and company reputation was very poor. EPS was -0.02, -3.02 reduce by the 2008 and 2009. The company profit is under the previous year. Gul ahmed mill in Pakistan earring per share in 2005 was 1.53% and -.68% in 2006 was the share price is under the 2005but 2007 the company was work done properly in 3.11% to increase earring price. 2008 and 2009 EPS is decrease in 1.86%, 1.45% which compare to 2007. Fazal textile mill is reliable profit in 6.61% for the period of 2005. The company was most significant variable in determining a share price stock exchange. The price is earning in 7.86% 2006. The firm profit which allocate by share price. The company performance is better then the previous year. 2007 comp any performs not the work and they will be a decrease in share price -3.31% in 2007.share price will be increase in 1.62% 4.09% of 2008 and 2009 the performance of the company is better period of 2009. Shams mill Pakistan It is the portion of the firms profit which is allocated to each outstanding share of investors. Other words, it is a valid and reliable tool to measure the profitability of the companies. The company share price in 8.12% in 2005 and the company perform the work and profit allocate the outstanding of share of investor in 21.83% measure the profitability in 2007 but in 2008 the Fazal mill is decrease the share price -4.69% -9.65%in 2008 and 2009. Company are taken the loss in the year. They will not achieve the target of measure the profit but did the company to run the loss. Debit ratio Debt ratio is one the fundamental ratios used to determine the financial health of the firms. It tells that what is the level of total liabilities and assets of the firms. Debit ratio= Total liabilities X 100        Total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 48.83% 3.33% 31.45% 52.03% 63% Kohinoor Mill 132.05% 140.89% 119.23% 171.08% 312.05% Gul Ahmed Mill 0.93% 1.06% 0.85% 1.07% 0.98% Fazal Mill 1.38% 1.51% 1.57% 2.23% 1.56% Shams Mill 0.4% 1.04% 1.92% 2.39% 3.1% Nishat textile mill of Pakistan have 48.83% debt ratio in 2005 and 3.33% in 2006 respectively .it means that the liabilities are more than the asset. Debt ratio 31.45% in 2007 that the company is the asst is more than the liabilities. The ratio is 52.03%, 63.00% and the debt ratio is increase by the 2008 and 2009 the financial of firm health in total asst and total liabilities. Kohinoor textile mill 132.05% debt ratio in 2005 and 2006 is the debt ratio 140.89% will be increase the liability. 2007 debt ratio is decrease in 119.23% and the asset are increase and the liabilities are decrease but in 2008 the compan y performance is better ratio is 171.08%. And is higher the profit of Kohinoor mill company financial wealth in the level of asset and liabilities are increase by the 312.05% in 2009 and company performance is well better in 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill have 0.93% debt ratio in 2005 and 2006 which is 1.06% respectively it means that liabilities are under the asset and the asset increase in 2006but in 2007 to 2009 is in the ratio of 0.85% , 0.98% which was the liabilities are increase in the ratio. Fazal textile mill 1.38%, 1.51%, 1.57% and 2.23% in 2005 to 2008 and liabilities are decrease year by year, otherwise 2008 are asset and liabilities are increase mill wealth is strong but in 2009 ratio is 1.56% which compares by 2008 ratio is decrease in 2009. Shams mill have 0.4% debt ratio in 2005 and ratio raise by 3.1% in 2009. Mill perform the work is so good ratio has declined which means that whit the passage of time the difference between liabilities and asset is increasing. Total asset turnover Total Asset Turnover (TAT) is a ratio that deals with net sales and total assets. This ratio measures how well a firm is using its assets to generate revenue. Total asset turnover (TAT) = Net sales                                          Average total assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 48.83 3.33 31.45 52.03 63 Kohinoor Mill 132.05 140.89 119.23 171.08 312.05 Gul Ahmed Mill 0.93 1.06 0.85 1.07 0.98 Fazal Mill 1.38 1.51 1.57 2.23 1.56 Shams Mill 0.4 1.04 1.92 2.39 3.1 Nishat textile mill Table shows that in total asset turnover, asst turnover mean the values 48.83 in2005 and 2006 is 3.33.both figures tells about the industries generate revenue is not equal to the total asset. In 2007 to 2009 total asset turnover value of 31.45, 63.00 is generate the revenue means to equal the total asset. Kohinoor textile mill 132.05 total asset turnover values in 2005 and 140.89 asset turnover value increase in 2006 but 2007 value of the asset turnover will be decrease. 2008 in the asset value of 171.08 which is greater than the previous. In 2009 the total asset turnover is increase 312.05 in the year. The firm usi ng and generate the revenue of net sale. Gul ahmed textile mill total asset turnover 0.93 in 2005 and generate revenue of net sale divided by average of total asset but 2006 asset turnover is increase in1.06 that year. 2007 to 2009 textile mill was generating the revenue in total asset 0.85, 0.98 is increasing which compeer to2007. Fazal textile mill is total asset of turnover value 1.38, 1.51, 1.57 in three year value increase by normally of mills asset in 2005 to 2007. But 2008 was generating the revenue of total asset turnover 2.23 which is greater than the previous year. And 2009 ratio 1.56 is under 2008. Shams textile mill 0.4 in 2005 total asset turnover Total Asset Turnover (TAT) is a ratio is increase by the properly in four year 1.04, 1.92 , 2.39 ,3.1 the asset generate that deals with net sales and total assets for 2006 to 2009. This ratio measures how well a firm is using its assets to generate revenue in the 2009 Fixed asset turnover Textile mills have to invest in fixed assets to generate revenue. It may be in shape of land, machinery etc. Ratio of fixed and capital assets depends upon the type of industry. Fixed Asset Turnover (FAT) =   Net sales      X 100                                   Average fixed assets Textile mills Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nishat Mill 0.88% 0.77% 0.73% 0.68% 0.87% Kohinoor Mill 0.83% 0.17% 0.82% 0.85% 1.17% Gul Ahmed Mill 1.46% 1.85% 2.08% 2%% 2.28% Fazal Mill 1.52% 1.61% 1.29% 1.06% Shams Mill 1.91% 1.83% 2% 2.25% 2.84% Nish at textile mill in Pakistan demand for more fixed asset. Table show that in 2005 this ratio is 0.88%, whereas, in 2006 it was 0.77%. It show that the textile mill as a whole generates less revenue by using fixed asset in 2006 as compared to previous year. Is that ratio in 2007 to 2009 was 0.73%, 0.68%, 0.87%. nishat textile mill as a whole generates less revenue by using fixed asset in 2007 to 2009 which compared to previous year. The mill was earned the growth in the 2009 and they will establish better work in 2009. Kohinoor textile mill for fixed asset in 2005 and ratio is 0.83%. They will be a revenue decrease in 0.17% in 200 6. Ktm is fixed asset turnover is higher in the previous year. The ratio increase in 2007 to 2009 fixed asset ratio is 0.82%, 1.17% in the generate revenue in earned by the year 2009. Gul ahmed textile mill demand for more fixed asset table that show in 2005 ratio is 1.46% whereas, in 2009 it was 2.28% ratio was show in the table. That ratio is increase in yearly basis and the fixed asset turns over would be higher in previous year. Fazal mill was the fixed asset ratio in 2006 is 1.52% and 2007 was 1.61% they will be increases the asset but in 2008 the ratio will decrease 1.29% and more decrease in 2009 in ratio 1.06%. Total asset turnover was in decline the asset for fazal mill. Shams textile mill demand for more fixed asset table that show in 2005 ratio is 1.19% whereas, in 2009 it was 2.84% ratio was show in the table. That ratio is increase in yearly basis and the fixed asset turns over would be higher in previous year.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Polio And The Good Of The Many - 1507 Words
For the Good of the Many In less than 20 years, worldwide cases of polio dropped from 350,000 in 125 countries down to just 2,000 infections in 17 countries (CDC, HHS)(Vaccine Programs†¦). Pertussis once claimed the lives of over 9,000 Americans every year. In the decade of the 2000s, it claimed only 181 lives. Just 50 years ago, Rubella caused the death or miscarriage of over 13,000 infants in this country. Another 20,000 were born blind, deaf, and/or mentally retarded. Tetanus, today in 2015, will kill 300,000 newborns and 30,000 mothers worldwide, mostly in developing counties. Yet virtually every Americans can remember their last tetanus booster shot, their last immunization. These are just a handful of examples of diseases which we have, in our modern times, pushed back to the brink of near extinction. Entire generations of Americans have grown up without seeing their childhood friends paralyzed by Polio, or blinded by Rubella, or lost entirely by any number of diseases. It is important to have context as to how many of our friends and neighbors, brothers and sisters, sons and daughters are living full and productive lives because of the scientific wonderment of immunization. It is also important to realize the very real, crippling, life altering reality that comes from a society not immunized, capable of being ripped apart by an onslaught of pestilence. In order to preserve the health and welfare of the American population, the federal government needs to mandate thatShow MoreRelatedReducing Deaths from Infectious Disease in Austrailia948 Words  | 4 Pagesinitiatives23. Amongst the many infectious diseases prominent in Australia in the 20th century, Poliomyelitis (Polio) was considered the most terrifying of diseases, as the â€Å"prospect of paralysis and permanent disability†was particularly frightening2. Public authorities and Australian community organisations such as Rotary4 have been critical to the success of national campaigns to educate, coordinate and fund vaccination programs. However, although Australia was finally declared a â€Å"polio free zone†in 2000Read MoreEmergence And Eradication Of Polio1623 Words  | 7 Pages Emergence and Eradication of Polio Viren Patel Valparaiso University I have neither given or received, nor have I tolerated others use of unauthorized aid. Viren Patel Introduction The poliomyelitis word is derived from the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus on the spinal cord which leads to paralysis. This virus enters from the person mouth and multiplication occursRead MoreA Brief Look at Polio1444 Words  | 6 PagesINTRODUCTION Polio or poliomyelitis was derived from the Greek words â€Å"polio†meaning grey and â€Å"myelos†meaning marrow which refers to the grey matter of the spinal cord and ‘itis’ meaning inflammation; therefore poliomyelitis is inflammation of grey matter of the spinal cord (www.wikipedia.com). It is a viral disease caused by the polio virus which belongs to the enterovirus genus; enterovirus because it infects and replicates in the intestinal epithelial and lymphoid (tonsils, Peyer’s patches) cellsRead MorePolio Vaccine in America1048 Words  | 5 PagesThe Polio Vaccine in America When my daughter was a baby, and we decided to delay vaccination, a friend of my mother-in-law seemed thrilled with our decision. However, she advised to look into the polio vaccine because there wasn t much they could do if someone did contract polio. During my research, I have found that the polio vaccine is all but completely unnecessary for anyone in the United States. Let s take a look at some of the most interesting information I have found. Taken directlyRead MoreA Brief Look at Poliomyelitis1287 Words  | 5 PagesPolio or poliomyelitis is a viral infection that normally affects kids below the age of 5years old. This childhood killer disease has been around for my centuries. Polio was first discovered my Jacob Heine in 1840 and later identified by Karl Landsteiner as poliomyelitis caused by polio virus from the enteric family of viruses. The polio virus is acquired through oral-fecal transmission. The Latin name simply means grey matter, and it is meaning inflation. There is a more serious form that can spreadRead MoreThe Polio Vaccine Essay1082 Words  | 5 PagesThe Polio Vaccine The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus. When hygienic conditions were poor polio attacked infants. The disease was spread by contaminatedRead MorePoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words  | 7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the interventionRead MorePolio : An American Story1378 Words  | 6 PagesThe Legacy of Polio in the United States Throughout the 1900s, polio was every American family’s worst nightmare. The crippling disease frequently preyed on young children, often leaving them handicapped for life if not dead. Extensive media coverage of polio outbreaks led to nationwide hysteria, prompting the race for a cure. The nation rejoiced when Jonas Salk successfully developed the first effective polio vaccine in 1955. David M. Oshinky’s Polio: An American Story tells the thrilling taleRead MoreTaking a Look at Poliomyelitis1689 Words  | 7 Pages A highly infectious disease caused by virus is â€Å"POLIO†which can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours due to invasion of nervous tissue. The polio virus consists of an RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell known as capsid. There are three serotypes of wild polio virus; type 1, type 2, and type 3 each of them with their different capsid protein. Type 1 and 3 are highly infectious but 1 is the most pervasive strain of polio and 3 are at low levels. In the 20th century itRead MoreTaking a Look at Polio1371 Words  | 6 PagesINTRODUCTION Polio is caused by a virus and it used to be a common cause of Encephalitis. Polio was once considered a middle class, because good hygiene could delay exposure of a person to the virus until late childhood, the adolescent years or adulthood, when infection would produce most severe symptoms. Infections in early childhood generally results in asymptomatic or very mild disease. In the great 1916 polio endemic in New York City, 9,000 cases of paralysis were reported and nearly all in children
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Information and Strategic Internet Skills †Free Samples to Students
Question: Discuss about the Information and Strategic Internet Skills. Answer: Introduction: In order to conduct a survey on the usage of internet and advanced technologies in Micronesia the target population chosen is between 18-30 years of age. This age group however caters the one-third population of Micronesia. The total population of the Federated States of Micronesia has almost 120,000 people according to the World Bank until last decade(Mori Governors, 2013). Non-Probability Sampling technique can be implemented in order to provide a detailed explanation of representativeness of the chosen sample population. It must be taken into account, that Non Probability sampling derives its control from the decisions of the investigator. However, in non-probability sampling technique, the cases are chosen on based on the accessibility and decisive aspects of the researcher. This type of sampling method has its beneficial factors in the area of convenience and is frequently used for social as well as psychological investigations in order to achieve a wide range of idea about the major population. One form of sampling known as the judgemental or purposive sampling is the technique that is based on the notions of the target population, their characteristics and other qualities, which are already known by the investigator. This type sampling techniques can be comprehended in an improved and effortless manner in comparison to other sampling techniques (Etikan, Musa Alkassim, 2016). The process of judgemental sampling can be regarded as an improved and enhanced explanation for the research in internet consumption among the adults living in Micronesia. This sampling technique can prove to play a beneficial role, as there is no existence of statistical expertise and knowledge. The most appropriate technique of sampling design for this research subject is judgement sampling as it can be implemented when there is a limited target population that caters a shared interest and inclination (Baker et al., 2013). The target age group selected for this study primarily do minates the young adult age group along with the adult age group thus; it is referred as the only viable sample technique in order to gather detailed knowledge and information from this particular age group. However, this type of sampling method can also be used for this investigation, as the interview is predetermined and conscious of the reliable professional or influence that he or she considers is proficient for the assemblage of a representative sampling size. 1) What is the level of internet dependency and addiction among the youth population living in Micronesia? 2) Is there any differentiation between sex, gender and internet addiction among the young adults and adult population of Micronesia? 3) Is there is any association of internet usage with the education or occupational level among the Micronesian adults? 4) Does immense use of internet causes behavioural, physical and psychological issues among the target population. 5) Is there any positive influence of internet usage on the adult population? Five Demographic variables of the study on internet usage among Micronesian adults In the process of conducting survey research, it has been identified that the purpose of internet usage among both young adults and adults is a dependent variable, whereas the other demographic variables are considered as independent variables. Gender aspects are considered as a dominant factor that influences the reasons and objective of the use of internet who utilizes the internet accessibility for less than an hour every day. Young adults belonging to the young adult group category primarily uses internet for doing college assignments. More than 70 percent of female students and more than 50 percent of male students implement internet usage for completing their assignments (Choi DiNitto, 2013). However, among the older adults who belong to the occupational category 60 percent of females use internet technologies for office use, shopping sites and other social networking sites whereas, more than 75 percent of working men indulges into using internet usage for both work purposes a nd other sites (Duggan Brenner, 2013). Thus, when comparing these two genders, it can be argued that the use of internet among women is relatively lower than compared to men. Grade variable is regarded as another dominant aspect that influences the internet usage of male correspondents for less than an hour in comparison to the women adults (Duggan Brenner, 2013). The target belonging to the young adult population, which is the young male students, utilizes the internet for assignment purposes. Another variable based on monthly wage is another dominant variable that has affected the purposes of using internet amongst male and female adults. Among the young adults whose families have lower monthly income have an internet usage for 1-2 hours to work on their assignments (Todd, 2014). Whereas, targets with families of high income access to the internet for more than educational purposes such as social-networking and other networking sites. Thus, it can be concluded that monthly income directly influences the purposes of internet usage Young adults who have lower monthly income have lower rate of internet usage in comparison to the adult category that belongs to families with higher monthly earnings. The aspect of internet experience is considered as another significant demographic variable related to the internet usage. Factors related to internet efficacy are regarded as an individuals beliefs and notions about their ability to competently access the internet. However, lack of expertise in internet usage can result in developing anxiety about the usage of technical system (Van Deursen Van Dijk, 2014). The impact of internet experience base on several internet behaviours and attitudes suggests that the result may be similar to the ones that have its origination from the attitudes related to computer technologies and internet (van Deursen Van Diepen, 2013). According to several investigations, experience with advanced technologies play a vital role in the rate of internet usage among both the young and adult population of Micronesia. Prior experience and knowledge reflect the influence of navigational behaviours whereby, the novice or inexperienced internet searchers have more tendencies to get perplexed and lost. Computer training programmes can be considered as another useful variable related to the rate of internet usage amongst the Micronesian adults. Sufficient rate of training and induction for internet usage improves the knowledge and expertise of an individual in areas related to internet or computer technology (Stalker, 2015). This can however be noted as advantageous in reducing the possible obstacles and further increase the comfort level of an individual. It further facilitates the adult target population to use a wider range of navigation equipments for a smooth accessibility of internet usage. No. Survey Questions Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) Indifferent (3) Agree (4) Strongly agree (5) Internet Usage (18-30 years) 1. I use internet because of educational or work purposes. 2. I use internet more as an entertainment purpose than for work or education. 3. Duration of hours spent on internet. 4. Does gender disparity play a significant role in internet usage? 5. Women involve in more amount of time in internet usage than men do. 6. Working adults use more internet facilities than younger adults engaged in educational sectors 7. Young male adults use more Internets in comparison to female students. 8. Extensive internet usage influences psychological issues among the adults 9. The use of internet isolating the adults of Micronesia 10. Internet helps in improving the knowledge of the adults in Micronesia One third of the population of 18-30 years of Micronesia engage in using internet for their day-to-day activities (Mori Governors, 2013). This target group however caters a population of young adults who belongs to high school or university level and adult section, which is referred as working professionals. In recent times, both educational domains as well as work require high level of internet accessibility. The level of dependency of the target population of 18-30 years must be evaluated through this survey question. Internet users in recent times are engaged in high rates of web accessibility whereby, people are more inclined towards social networking sites for various entertainment as well as recreational purposes rather than work related intentions. Micronesia is a nation where more than 30,000 thousand of the population is engaged in internet usage. This question will assist in understanding the number of users engaging in social networking sites. Micronesia, a state has almost 31.5% of its population with internet accessibility at home (Mori Governors, 2013). The population of internet users have accessibility at their places whether through any device namely computer or mobile as well as any other internet connections. The duration of internet usage can be comprehended through this question. Gender disparities are identified the ways in which information are channelized as well as decision-making process are established in terms of the usage of internet. Differences between men and women in the process of internet usage are present because men tend to be more inclined to computers and advanced technologies than women (Stalker, 2015). Certain gender disparities also exist because of concerns related to socio-economic status, whereby men and women may vary in technological adaptation that further influences the accessibility of internet and advanced technology. Women reportedly, use indulges in lower rate of internet usage such as business purposes than men do. In other situations, women indulge in more social media usage in order to share personal and entertainment information in internet sites rather than making revelations about their personal lives and experiences (Todd, 2014). Both men and women have changing degrees of online activity across varied regions. The aspect of social media platform is highly dependent on millions of women. They tend to spend nearly ten minutes of time on various sites of social networking via mobile web or through various applications of daily lives in comparison to men who tend to spend less than the women do. Working adults consistently have shown increased rates of technology usage in comparison to the younger population pertaining to the high schools and universities. The former group is regarded to be more digitally associated with the internet usage because of their increased knowledge on internet accessibility and technologies. However, there can be another notable disparity between younger adults and working adults of 30 years (Mori Governors, 2013). The increased ownership of smart phones amongst the target population is getting double in the past five years. Internet accessibility among the age of 18-30 years is immensely correlated with the monthly income of the household as well as educational attainment. Young adults might be more subjected to internet usage and advanced gadgets due to the increasing rates of internet accessibility within their households. Educational institutes significantly depends on assignment which further facilitates them to improve their knowledge and skills on the particular subject. Students catering the group of younger adults seek assistance of online books and journals in order to accomplish the demands of the changing world in terms of technology in particular (Ayub, Hamid Nawawi, 2014). Several online lesson groups offers graduate or post graduate students with the access to multimedia domain, which they can use at any given place, at any given time, and further support their learning in a scheduled manner. An expansion of internet usage in daily lives have led humans to reach anyone at any part of the globe, to shop online, to access online education as well as work remotely. However, this has caused detrimental effects to the lives of humans. The new form of disorder popularly known as cyber bullying has led millions of people to depend wholly on the services of internet. It has been further identified as a concern of clinical entity that is referred as a condition resulting in significant decrease in the social as well as academic functioning of an individual. Increased rate of internet usage though have resulted in improvement of the quality of lives but has further led to the restrictions of social interactions. Though the world has become a more connected and associated place it has decreased the rate of face to face interactions amongst individuals (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). People could vaguely relate to the lives of others in this arena of excess rate of internet. Excess rate of internet though has resulted in causing isolations to the population target but has an immense contribution in the domain of knowledge enhancement of students as well as working individuals. It has paved the way for many who earlier used to get hindered due to lack of expertise and relative knowledge. References Ayub, A. F. M., Hamid, W. H. W., Nawawi, M. H. (2014). Use of internet for academic purposes among students in Malaysian institutions of higher education.TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,13(1). Baker, R., Brick, J. M., Bates, N. A., Battaglia, M., Couper, M. P., Dever, J. A., ... Tourangeau, R. (2013). Summary report of the AAPOR task force on non-probability sampling.Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology,1(2), 90-143. Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M. (2013). The digital divide among low-income homebound older adults: Internet use patterns, eHealth literacy, and attitudes toward computer/Internet use.Journal of medical Internet research,15(5). Duggan, M., Brenner, J. (2013).The demographics of social media users, 2012(Vol. 14). Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet American Life Project. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), 1-4. Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use.Computers in Human Behavior,31, 351-354. Mori, H. E. M., Governors, M. (2013). Federated States of Micronesia. Stalker, D. S. (2015).Structural Adjustment, Debt, and Internet Usage: A Longitudinal Study of Developing Countries(Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School, Stony Brook University: Stony Brook, NY.). Stalker, D. S. (2015).Structural Adjustment, Debt, and Internet Usage: A Longitudinal Study of Developing Countries(Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School, Stony Brook University: Stony Brook, NY.). Todd, C. R. (2014). Micronesian libraries and archives: A review of the literature.IFLA journal,40(4), 289-295. van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Van Diepen, S. (2013). Information and strategic Internet skills of secondary students: A performance test.Computers Education,63, 218-226. Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A. (2014). The digital divide shifts to differences in usage.New media society,16(3), 507-526.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (252 words) - Renaissance Painters
Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest inventor-scientist of recorded history. His genius was unbounded by time and technology, and was driven by his insatiable curiosity, and his intuitive sense of the laws of nature. Da Vinci was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, and his insightful contributions to science and technology were legendary. As the archetypical Renaissance man, Leonardo helped set an ignorant and superstitous world on a course of reason, science, learning, and tolerance. He was an internationally renowned inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time. Born in 1452 as an illegitimate son of Ser piero da Vinci, da Vinci was sent to Florence in his teens to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Verrocchio. He quickly developed his own artistic style which was unique and contrary to tradition, even going so far as to devised his own special formula of paint. His style was characterized by diffuse shadows and subtle hues and marked the beginning of the High Renaissance period. Like many great original efforts, da Vinci's artistic style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century. Later Da Vinci became the court artist for the duke of Milan. Throughout his life he also served various other roles, including civil engineer and architect (designing mechanical structures such as bridges and aqueducts), and military planner and weapons designer (designing rudimentary tanks, catapults, machine guns, and even navel weapons). Da Vinci's creative, analytic, and visionary inventiveness has yet to be matched.
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Little Women essays
Little Women essays Zlata's Diary is a book about a young girl's life during a war in Sarajevo. As the book begins, Zlata Filipovic is a normal little girl going to school and having fun. She has lots of friends, does well in school, has a wonderful family life, and is as happy as any little girl could want to be. Slowly, throughout the book, things start to get worse. She starts out talking about her grades and how happy she had been with school, and how the biggest of her worries is that she is sick on her birthday. Then she moves on to talk about the war in Dunbrovnik and how she is praying for them. Slowly, the war starts to move to Sarajevo. The book goes from, "I am tired, but happy," to, "My life is one of no electricity, no water, no gas, no school which isn't school, rice, macaroni, a bit of green beans from Meleca's garden, the occasional sweets, my piano, and of course you, Mimmy." I really enjoyed the begining of the book, but I felt that after awhile it was the same thing over, and over again. For example, June 23, "The electricity went out at eight o'clock last night." July 7, "There was no water yesterday, or the day befor, or the day befor that."She goes on to say the same thing repetitivly only days later and throughout the whole book. I think the book would have been better for younger kids. I think kids that were more around Zlata's age could have related to her better. I was also dissapointed about the emotion she had, To explain that she was sad she would simply say, "Boo-Hoo." Her friends would die ir her family members would leave and that was the only emotion she would express. She didn't really write how she felt in a way we could relate to. I think, if she would have had more emotion, and also not so much repetitive writing, we ...
Saturday, November 23, 2019
3 Dangers of ACT Practice Tests
3 Dangers of ACT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Practice tests are key to good ACT prep, but just taking full-length practice tests isn’t enough to guarantee a good score. In this article, we'll go over the three major pitfalls that many students stumble into when attempting to use ACT practice tests. feature image credit: Danger Danger Danger Danger/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. Danger #1: Inaccurate Practice Tests Many non-official practice tests are lower quality than the real test. The quality problems can range from materials that don't test the right things or ask about them in the right way to tests that are rife with errors. Some might argue that doing any sort of practice test is better than nothing, no matter if it's not as good as the real ACT. But using low-quality ACT practice tests is like practicing to become a ping pong champ by playing squash: it will not only waste your time but will also make your score worse because it's teaching you the wrong skills. Danger #2: Overdosing on Practice Tests Practice tests don’t help you if you mindlessly do one after another without taking the time to study in-between. It's okay to take the first few practice tests without too much reflection, just to get used to the format and the experience of taking the test. Once you get to the 4th or more practice test, though, you need to thoroughly review your mistakes if you want to see any improvement in your score. Danger #3: Underdoing Practice Tests You cannot have a good ACT study program without at least four real practice tests. If you're spending less than 10% of your ACT prep time on practice tests, things are going wrong. Preferably, you'll spend up to 30% of your total ACT prep time taking practice tests. Making room in your busy schedule for the chunk of time a realistic practice takes can be tricky, however. A good rule of thumb to follow is that out of every 40 hours you spend doing ACT prep, you should spend (at a minimum) at least 3-4 of those hours taking a realistic, full-length practice test (with breaks). Thousands compete for military university admission/used under CC BY-SA/Cropped from original. What’s Next? Running short on prep time? Follow our 20-hour prep guide to using ACT practice tests to get the most out of the time you have left. Now you know what to avoid on a high-level with planning out your ACT prep, but what about while you're taking practice tests? We've collected the top eleven mistakes students make during ACT practice tests in this article. Ready to take some practice tests, but not sure where to get them? Not to worry - we've got a collection of free official and unofficial ACT practice tests for you to use. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:
Thursday, November 21, 2019
CASES IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
CASES IN MARKETING MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Competition, including McDonalds, Wendy’s and Burger King, has been opening business in South American countries of Chile, Argentina and Brazil, while KFC intends to focus on Mexico (De Wit & Meyer 916). A major issue in the expansion of franchising is the disconnection between the management and the franchisees: the latter feels that the management does not understand the chicken business and is not aware of the way fast food restaurants are run. In the past, this has impacted sales as well as customers. Case in point is the strategy of the company to distance itself from its Southern deep fried legacy in favor of healthier cooking options such as grilling. Helm (2010) writes that this strategy is actually hurting the brand and the traditional customers. However, there is an increasing number of people in the US and in countries where the company operates who are opting for healthier options, mostly refraining from deep fried fast foods. This creates a big dilemma for the company as it does not have anything to offer this growing group of consumers. Another issue is the management of franchise cost of KFC, which is currently quite high, taking into account the increased food items prices and inflationary pressures in potential markets. The company needs to open doors in more locations after detailed research and testing. This testing should include culture testing to establish better pricing strategies in conjunction with local franchisees; besides, the company must be more locally entrenched. Traditionally, KFC has opted for a standard franchising strategy wherein standard menus and services have been offered to consumers irrespective of country or region. Competition such as McDonalds, however, has made effort to rework on its tactics to make them more culturally entrenched and local. This means that the policy of standardization must not be used extensively, except for standards of
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)